This procedure involves the complete removal of one or more lymph nodes, usually as part of cancer diagnosis or treatment. Unlike a biopsy, which takes a sample, this surgery is done when the node is known or suspected to contain disease (like metastatic cancer or lymphoma) or if it's persistently enlarged or causing problems.

Performed under general anesthesia, the surgeon makes an incision near the affected area (usually in the neck or under the jaw), identifies the lymph node, and carefully removes it. The incision is then closed with sutures. Recovery involves some swelling and discomfort, but patients are usually able to go home the same day. Depending on the location, the area may have temporary numbness or stiffness. A pathologist examines the removed node to guide future care. Risks are generally low but can include infection, nerve injury, or fluid buildup (seroma).